Isolation and recrystallization of epicuticular waxes from. Three different techniques were applied to elucidate structurefunction relationships of epicuticular wax. The chemical composition of the epicuticular wax with the high content of nonacosanediols leads to the growth of a dense layer of very small wax tubules with a permanently hydrophobic surface. Probing the molecular structure and orientation of the leaf.
Subsequent results and figures will refer to epicuticular and intracuticular wax for wax obtained by gum arabic ga treatment and chloroform chcl3 extraction respectively. Cornelius lutz, ulrich heinzmann, paulgerhard gulz. The adaxial wax was characterized by very high amounts of primary alcohols 71%, while the abaxial wax consisted mainly of alkanes 73%. Epicuticular wax, stomatal wax, morphology, douglasfir, pseudotsuga menziesii var. These complex mixtures are amenable to modern microchromatographic. Therefore, the aim of the present research was to study the defence mechanism of. Moreover, within the adaxial wax, the epicuticular layer contained more wax and a higher relative quantity of alkanes, whereas the intracuticular wax had a higher percentage of alcohols. Variation in epicuticular wax accumulation, composition, and nanoscale structural organization impacts its biological function. Crop science abstract a rapid colorimetric method for. Epicuticular waxes are visible as bluish coverings on several fruit surfaces such as plum left and grapes right.
The epicuticular waxes of vascular plants are both chemically and structurally diverse. Leaf wax contained homologous series of very long chained and saturated wax components, such as hydrocarbons, wax esters, fatty acids and alcohols. Through ultravioletvisible uvvis and fluorescence spectroscopy, epicuticular wax characteristics of soybean and corn plants were explored, were used to confirm observations determined statistically, and explain correlations between the rate constants and the composition of the epicuticular waxes. The unique combination of these properties provides the lotus leaves with unrivaled superhydrophobicity and selfcleaning properties as an effective. Nepenthes is covered with a thick layer of epicuticular wax. Epicuticular wax and volatiles of kigelia pinnata leaf extract. Chemical composition of the slippery epicuticular wax. Composition of the total wax mixture and the epicuticular and intracuticular wax layers on adaxial surfaces of rosa canina leaves. Epicuticular waxes from various organs of cistus albidus l. The structural and functional roles of leaf epicuticular waxes along with their. Part of the modern methods of plant analysis book series molmethplant.
Epicuticular wax on cherry laurel prunus laurocerasus. Leaf blade epicuticular wax composition changes over the course of developmental time. Coiled rodlets and tubules meusel, i neinhuis, c markstadter, c barthlott, w. The total isolated wax from each plant was converted into. Epicuticular definition and meaning collins english dictionary.
Epicuticular wax morphology and composition are related to. Ijms free fulltext interaction of plant epicuticular. Chemical composition and morphology of epicuticular waxes from. Epicuticular wax content in the leaves of cabbage brassica. Tullberg and angus 1978 reported that treatment of alfalfa with k. Considering the typical thickness of epicuticular wax 50375 nm buschhaus and jetter 2011, pmirras probed the region of the b. Effect of water stress on the epicuticular wax composition and. Composition of cuticular wax on the leaves of kalanchoe. Sep 02, 2011 epicuticular wax as a mechanical barrier in transmission of clcuv.
Original article characterization and chemical composition of epicuticular wax from banana leaves grown in northern thailand suporn charumanee1, songwut yotsawimonwat 1, panee sirisaard 1, and kiatisak pholsongkram2 1 department of pharmaceutical sciences, faculty of pharmacy, chiang mai university, mueang, chiang mai, 50200 thailand. Abaxial wax composition the epicuticular and intracuticular wax coverages were 10 1 gcm2 and 8 2 gcm2, respectively fig. Chemical composition of epicuticular wax in cabbage plants. Over the past decades, systematically relevant information on structure and composition of the plant cuticle based on sem studies have been published survey in barthlott 1990. The ultrastructure, chemistry, and recrystallization of epicuticular waxes of nine species were investigated by high resolution scanning electron microscopy, gas chromatography, and mass spectrometry. The wax contained rtalkanes, wax esters, aldehydes, fatty acids and primary alcohols. Across cultivars, wax mass ranged from 366 to 1038. These layers differ in their structure, chemical composition. Knowledge of the physical and chemical interactions of the virus with the morphology and chemistry of the fresh vegetable leaf and tomato is required for effective prevention of viral contamination and effective produce. Epicuticular waxes from caatinga and cerrado species and. The main functions of the epicuticular wax are to decrease. Epicuticular wax as a mechanical barrier in transmission of clcuv. Organ specific composition of epicuticular waxes of cistus.
Determination of biochemical composition of epicuticular wax gas chromatograph mass spectrometry. Molecular and biochemical characterization of cotton. A new method for the isolation of wax crystals from plant surfaces is presented. Chemical composition of the slippery epicuticular wax blooms on macaranga euphorbiaceae antplants.
Composition and variability of epicuticular waxes in apple. The leaf blade and glume are comprised primarily of alcohol monomers, whereas the leaf sheath is comprised of diketones zhang et al. Wheat leaf and stem surface waxes are associated with traits of biological importance, including stress resistance. Nowadays, with the development of more selective preparation techniques, the understanding of the epicuticular wax chemistry and the molecular architecture of single wax sculptures is advancing see coherence between wax chemical composition and morphology. The rate of erosion correlates well with the level of air. Additionally in this wax extract triterpenoids and great amounts of resin were found. Changes in the amount, chemical composition and morphology of epicuticular wax in relation to rindstaining and peel pitting of fortune mandarin fruits from trees grafted on different rootstocks and growing in different locations in the. This slippery zone is reported to play a crucial role in animal trapping and prey retention. Pdf chemical composition of the slippery epicuticular wax.
These results suggest a correlation between the total epicuticular wax content, the chemical composition of the wax, the ploidy level and the type of habitat in which they grow. Terrestrial plant leaves are covered by a hydrophobic barrier to protect against the loss of water. Composition of epicuticular wax on isocoma leaves botanical. Peanut genotypes were grown in fields in two dry seasons 2000 and 2001 and. It may form a whitish film or bloom on leaves, fruits and other plant organs. The composition of epicuticular wax composition varies on the tissue level. Characterizing the molecular composition of epicuticular. All field work was completed in one day at great sippewissett salt marsh in falmouth, massachusetts. Chemical composition and recrystallization of epicuticular. This deposit is believed to play a major part in such phenomena as the water balance of plants and the behavior of agricultural sprays. Among the constituents, lipids are dominant in terms of weight and the two major classes are insoluble high molecular weight polyester.
Composite structure of the crystalline epicuticular wax. Wax effects on esterase induction from the germinating conidia were also investigated. In the present study, the compositions and micromorphologies of the wax crystals of five nepenthes species and hybrids were analysed in order to test whether the chemical principles underlying this ecological. Euphorbia aphylla, epicuticular wax composition, triterpenols, triterpenones, triterpenol esters quantity and composition of epicuticular wax of euphorbia aphylla were examined. Epicuticular wax on leek in vitro developmental stages and. Alkane nov 16, 2006 plants of the carnivorous genus nepenthes efficiently trap insects in leaf pitchers, mostly employing epicuticular wax crystals on the pitcher walls to make them slippery for the prey. Atomic force microscope infrared spectroscopy afmir was utilized to investigate the internal and external surfaces of the cuticle of sorghum bicolor, an important droughttolerant cereal, forage, and highbiomass crop. The wax contained the common lipid components alkanes, wax esters, pr. Wax mass decreased during the 30 days before harvest. Variation in amount and elemental composition of epicuticular. Here, we dissected the epicuticular wax concentration, composition and structure of mature fruits from 35 pear cultivars belonging to five.
Wax esters and 5alcohols form the other major components. Statistical analysis of the photodegradation of imazethapyr. Composition of the epicuticular and intracuticular wax layers on. The chemical composition of waxes varies by species.
Epicuticular wax is deposited on the surface of the cuticle and other waxes are embedded within the cutin matrix of the cuticle. The main functions of the epicuticular wax are to decrease surface wetting and moisture loss. The epicuticular wax load ewl on leaves reduces surface transpiration and thus improves crop water use efficiency. A total of 146 epicuticular wax compounds were detected, and the wax composition.
Primary alcohols, aldehydes, fatty acids, and alkyl esters. Coiled rodlets and tubules chemical composition and recrystallization of epicuticular waxes. This information contributes to the understanding of the tolerance of agaves to different types of stress. Do white spruce epicuticular wax monoterpenes follow foliar. Developing hydrophobic paper as a packaging material using. In all the species investigated the leaf epicuticular wax composition was found to be largely dependent on leaf age. Epicuticular waxes are partially saturated lipid compounds located on the aboveground portions of land plant postbeittenmiller, 1996. Relative quantities % of individual compounds are listed according to chain lengths in the homologous series of aliphatic compound classes, or as triterpenoid isomers and derivatives. Molecular genetics of epicuticular wax biosynthesis. Epicuticular wax analysis of wild and agronomically important. Wax composition varies with crop species and differs in their functions and responses to biotic and abiotic environments. Jul 01, 2000 chemical composition and recrystallization of epicuticular waxes. The chemical composition of epicuticular wax from cabbage plants grown in vitro was compared with that from plants grown in a greenhouse. Morphology and accumulation of epicuticular wax on needles of.
Here, we dissected the epicuticular wax concentration, composition and structure of mature fruits from 35 pear cultivars belonging to five different species and hybrid interspecies. Genetic studies indicate that a very large number of genes are involved in wax production. Amounts and types of epicuticular leaf waxes among onion. The cuticles of the majority of higher plants are covered with epicuticular wax secretions. Cuticular wax, wax composition, drought tolerance, wax biosyntheses.
Screening of a large number of sorghum genotypes for increased leaf epicuticular wax content, utilizing the available gravimetric method, is impractical. These complex mixtures are amenable to modern microchromatographic and microspectrometric analytical procedures. The wax contains a wide range of organic compounds. The wax amounts and composition determined by total wax extraction from the adaxial side was used as a reference value for the subsequent investigations, which employed adhesive stripping to sample the epicuticular wax followed by chloroform extraction of the intracuticular wax. Epicuticular wax as a mechanical barrier in transmission of.
B radiation on epicuticular wax production and chemical composition of four picea species. Fungal hyphae were observed on top of epicuticular wax crystals and emerging from stomatal pores. As per recent studies, intracuticular waxes form the primary transpirational barrier and the contribution of epi cuticular waxes as a transpirational barrier depends on the speciesspecific cuticle composition 28. Similar procedures for whatman paper impregnation were followed with the nalkane fraction, hentriacontan16one, ursolic acid, lupeol and epifriedelinol, which correspond to the main constituents of the foliar epicuticular waxes of z. There was a greater percentage of polar compounds fatty acids, primary alcohols, aldehydes, and esters and less alkanes and secondary alcohols in wax from cultured plants relative to those from greenhouse plants.
Epicuticular wax was analyzed on regenerated shoots and plants as well as seedlings and market plants of allium porrum l. The aim of the present study is to compare the structure of the epicuticular wax of norway spruce in different parts of estonia and to analyse the use of wax structure as an indicator of the air pollu. Ch 2 bands is the epicuticular wax, rather than the intracuticular wax. Leaf cuticular wax, a trait for multiple stress resistance in. Kolattukudy pe 1970 composition of the surface lipids of pea leaves pisunt. Cuticular wax composition of stems and leaves of arabidopsis thaliana ecotype. Composition differences between epicuticular and intracuticular wax. The epicuticular wax ew layer that coats the outer surface of plants is composed of a variety of long chain length hydrocarbons. Evaluation of epicuticular wax removal from whole leaves. Epicuticular wax as a mechanical barrier in transmission. Hunashikatti c, ajitha rekha d and pandurangaiah shilpa a. The epicuticular waxes ew of leaves, bracts, and bolls of cotton gossypium hirsutum l.
Chemically, it consists of hydrophobic organic compounds, mainly straightchain aliphatic hydrocarbons with a variety of substituted functional groups. Direct access to plant epicuticular wax crystals by a new. But most strikingly the wax deficient gawm3 mutant plants which contain 50% less than g. Gcms metabolomics to evaluate the composition of plant. Epicuticular leaf waxes of citrus halimii stone journal of. Alkane composition cuticular wax is very specific in nature. An evaluation of fruit wax components will provide us with valuable information for pear breeding and enhancing fruit quality. H16 was the most prevalent wax on the foliage of all accessions except glossy b9885 tables 2 and 3 and ranged from 21% to 71% of the total epicuticular wax. Water, unable to wet the cuticle, beads up and runs off, carrying dust and soluble contamination with it. Effects of chemical drying agents on the fine structure of. Nanoscale structural organization of plant epicuticular wax. Epicuticular and intracuticular waxes from both adaxial and abaxial surfaces of the leaves of kalanchoe daigremontiana were analyzed. This investigation attempts to clarify the poorly understood relationships between epicuticular wax chemicals and structures by correlating the diversity of chemical compositions and structures in wildtype and epicuticular wax mutants of arabidopsis thaliana. Surface structures and epicuticular wax composition of spruce needles after longterm treatment with ozone and acid mist.
Degradation of the epicuticular waxes, which appears as a fusion of wax tubes in the epistomatal chambers and finally results in an amorphous appearance of the waxes, is the most common micromorphological injury type observed in studies on the genera abies, larix, picea, and pinus. When the plant specimen is removed, the epicuticular wax remains embedded in the frozen liquid. The arabidopsis book american society of plant biologists. Quantity and composition of epicuticular leaf wax of euphorbia dendroides l. Epicuticular wax lipid composition of endemic european. Wax that covers the cutin matrix is referred to as epicuticular wax, and wax that is found within the cutin matrix is referred to as embedded wax 6, 11.
The external surface of the higher plants comprises a cuticular layer covered by a waxy deposit. Chemical composition and crystal morphology of epicuticular wax. The inner layer is composed of cutin, long chain alkyl ketones, alcohols, embedded wax and closest to the cells, polysaccharides. The waxes coating the upper and lower leaf surfaces had distinct compositions. The slippery zone situated below the peristome inside pitchers of most carnivorous plants from the genus nepenthes is covered with a thick layer of epicuticular wax. The properties of the wax amount, c and o contents varied according to natural environmental factors such as altitude and exposure to volcanic acidic gases such as h 2 s, as well as branch height and leaf. Cyclic wax constituents, such as triterpenoids and alkylresorcinols, preferentially or entirely accumulate within the intracuticular layer. Chemical composition of the slippery epicuticular wax blooms on macaranga euphorbiaceae antplants article pdf available in chemoecology 101. The two major constituents of cuticles are wax and cutin juniper and jeffree, 1983. It is organ and tissuespecific in terms of composition. Role of epicuticular waxes in the susceptibility of gossypium arboreum cotton to clcuv paperback september 2, 2011 by muhammad azmat ullah khan author, dr. Epicuticular wax covering the cuticle of a leaf of hosta sieboldiana makes it hydrophobic. Past studies have characterized the composition of wheat cuticular waxes, however protocols can be relatively lowthroughput and narrow in the range of.
The objectives of this study were to evaluate peanut arachis hypogaea l. The extraction and fractionation of waxes from biomass. Characterization and chemical composition of epicuticular. Evaluation of epicuticular wax removal from whole leaves with. Wax composition of five other solanaceous plants, viz. Epicuticular wax deposition on sorghum sorghum bicolor l.
There is an urgent need for a biodegradable, hydrophobic material that can be used in developing packaging materials. A total of 146 epicuticular wax compounds were detected, and the wax composition and concentration varied dramatically among species, with the highest level of 1. This selfcleaning property is variously called ultrahydrophobicity or ultralyophobicity in technical journals. Epicuticular wax is a coating of wax covering the outer surface of the plant cuticle in land plants.
An aqueous adhesive of gum arabic was employed to selectively sample the epicuticular wax layer on pea leaves and hence to analyze the composition of epicuticular crystals exposed at the outermost surface of. Composition and physiological function of the wax layers. In very young, still expanding, leaves characteristic patterns of aliphatic. These layers differ in their structure, chemical composition and mechanical properties, and they reduce. Frontiers chemical composition and crystal morphology of. But this second assumption has repeatedly been challenged by studies that showed compositional gradients between. Correlations between epicuticular wax structures and. Viruses have been identified as the source of a number of disease outbreaks associated with the consumption of fresh produce. In this preliminary study, epicuticular wax has been extracted from the leaves of calotropis procera and alstonia scholaris using various solvents i.
If wax act act a barrier than, the damage of clcuv on cotton can be overcome by by increasing the wax content. Chemical composition and physical properties of four commercial waxes 57 figure 1. Plant epicuticular wax is a mixture of primarily longchain aliphatic compounds. Developmental changes in composition and morphology of cuticular waxes on leaves and spikes of glossy and. The distribution of wax crystals and their composition amongst different sections of the genus suggests that glaucousness is a polyphyletic character within macaranga. In addition to these common epicuticular wax constituents several triterpenoids and benzoic acid esters were found. Cuticular wax is a complex of compounds that imparts much of the physicochemical characteristics to the cuticle.